Editors: Dr.R. S. Khoiyangbam

Dr. Ch. Raghumani Singh (2025)

ISBN: 978-93-94174-59-7

A Review on certain Biomarkers of Type I and Type II Synthetic Pyrethroids in Fish

Department of Environmental Science, Thambal Marik College, Oinam-795134, Manipur, India

Department of Zoology, Western College, Konthoujam-795113, Manipur, India

Department of Ecology & Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar-788011, Assam, India

Synthetic pyrethroids are one of the extensively used pesticides in the contemporary world and have been classified into type I and type II pyrethroids. They are replacing other major insecticide groups (organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates) in agricultural activities to control pests. However, their extensive use affected non-target aquatic organisms, particularly fish. Moreover, the existence of a cyano moiety at the alpha-position in type II synthetic pyrethroids makes them more neurotoxic than their non-cyano type I pyrethroids. In order to assess the variation of their toxicities, several biomarkers are studied in fish, insects, mammals, etc. The biomarkers include biochemical, enzymatic, inhibitions in growth and feeding and ultrastructural alterations in fish gill tissue. The present review assembles the employment of the biomarkers in fish on exposure to the two types of pyrethroids. It will provide information in executing certain environmental monitoring programs of environmental risk assessment (ERA), one of the important features of environmental sustainability.

*Corresponding author; e-mail: sapana.devi@gmail.com

Cite this Chapter: Maisnam Sapana Devi, Ngangom Nganbi Devi and Abhik Gupta. 2025. A Review on certain Biomarkers of Type I and Type II Synthetic Pyrethroids in Fish. In: R. S. Khoiyangbam and Ch. Raghumani Singh (Eds.), Emerging Topics in Environmental Science and Natural Resource Management. Excellent Publishers, India. pp. 14-25. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/978-93-94174-59-7_2